For example, Sica found that adequate training of physicians in medical schools in the proper design, implementation and evaluation of clinical trials is “abysmally small” (Sica, cited in Nowak, 1994). A number of studies suggest this may be the case more often than believed (Nowak, 1994 Silverman, Manson, 2003). Unintentional ‘scientific misconduct' is likely the result of poor instruction and follow-up. Partitioning ‘text’ when analyzing qualitative dataĪ tacit assumption of investigators is that they have received training sufficient to demonstrate a high standard of research practice.Lack of clearly defined and objective outcome measurements.

Following acceptable norms for disciplines.Concurrently selecting data collection methods and appropriate analysis.There are a number of issues that researchers should be cognizant of with respect to data analysis. Integrity issues are just as relevant to analysis of non-statistical data as well. Improper statistical analyses distort scientific findings, mislead casual readers (Shepard, 2002), and may negatively influence the public perception of research.

The form of the analysis is determined by the specific qualitative approach taken (field study, ethnography content analysis, oral history, biography, unobtrusive research) and the form of the data (field notes, documents, audiotape, videotape).Īn essential component of ensuring data integrity is the accurate and appropriate analysis of research findings. Indeed, researchers generally analyze for patterns in observations through the entire data collection phase (Savenye, Robinson, 2004). While data analysis in qualitative research can include statistical procedures, many times analysis becomes an ongoing iterative process where data is continuously collected and analyzed almost simultaneously. According to Shamoo and Resnik (2003) various analytic procedures “provide a way of drawing inductive inferences from data and distinguishing the signal (the phenomenon of interest) from the noise (statistical fluctuations) present in the data”. Data Analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data.

Basic statistical research